Document Type

Article

Publication Date

7-2023

DOI

10.3390/s23146296

Publication Title

Sensors

Volume

23

Issue

14

Pages

6296 (32 pp.)

Abstract

Brain–body interactions (BBIs) have been the focus of intense scrutiny since the inception of the scientific method, playing a foundational role in the earliest debates over the philosophy of science. Contemporary investigations of BBIs to elucidate the neural principles of motor control have benefited from advances in neuroimaging, device engineering, and signal processing. However, these studies generally suffer from two major limitations. First, they rely on interpretations of ‘brain’ activity that are behavioral in nature, rather than neuroanatomical or biophysical. Second, they employ methodological approaches that are inconsistent with a dynamical systems approach to neuromotor control. These limitations represent a fundamental challenge to the use of BBIs for answering basic and applied research questions in neuroimaging and neurorehabilitation. Thus, this review is written as a tutorial to address both limitations for those interested in studying BBIs through a dynamical systems lens. First, we outline current best practices for acquiring, interpreting, and cleaning scalp-measured electroencephalography (EEG) acquired during whole-body movement. Second, we discuss historical and current theories for modeling EEG and kinematic data as dynamical systems. Third, we provide worked examples from both canonical model systems and from empirical EEG and kinematic data collected from two subjects during an overground walking task.

Rights

Copyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).

Data Availability

Article states: The data and code used to generate the results discussed herein are openly available at https://github.com/uncg-kines/bbi-review-2023 (Accessed on 1 May 2023).

ORCID

0000-0001-7256-4508 (Rhea)

Original Publication Citation

Monroe, D. C., Berry, N. T., Fino, P. C., & Rhea, C. K. (2023). A dynamical systems approach to characterizing brain--body interactions during movement: Challenges, interpretations, and recommendations. Sensors, 23(14), Article 6296. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146296

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