Document Type

Article

Publication Date

2026

DOI

10.3390/architecture6010009

Publication Title

Architecture

Volume

6

Issue

1

Pages

9

Abstract

Climate change and sea-level change (SLC) are intensifying flooding in U.S. coastal communities, with disproportionate impacts on Black and minority neighborhoods that face displacement, economic hardship, and heightened health risks. In Norfolk, Virginia, sea levels are projected to rise by at least 0.91 m (3 ft) by 2100, placing underserved neighborhoods such as Oakleaf Forest at particular risk. This study investigates the compounded impacts of flooding at both the building and urban scales, situating the work within the framework of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs). A mixed-method, community-based approach was employed, integrating literature review, field observations, and community engagement to identify flooding hotspots, document lived experiences, and determine preferences for adaptation strategies. Community participants contributed actively through mapping sessions and meetings, providing feedback on adaptation strategies to ensure that the process was collaborative, place-based, and context-specific. Preliminary findings highlight recurring flood-related vulnerabilities and the need for interventions that address both environmental and social dimensions of resilience. The study proposes multi-scale, nature-based solutions (NbS) to mitigate flooding, restore ecological functions, and enhance community capacity for adaptation. Ultimately, this work underscores the importance of coupling technical strategies with participatory processes to strengthen resilience and advance climate justice in vulnerable coastal neighborhoods.

Rights

© 2026 by the authors.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License.

Data Availability

Article states: "All datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are included within the article. Appropriate citation of this article is required."

ORCID

0000-0002-8269-3626 (Erten Unal), 0000-0002-8269-3626 (Considine), 0009-0003-0027-0334 (Borhani)

Original Publication Citation

Soflaei, F., Erten-Unal, M., Considine, C. L., & Borhani, F. (2026). Nature-based solutions for urban resilience and environmental justice in underserved coastal communities: A case study on Oakleaf Forest in Norfolk, VA. Architecture, 6(1), Article 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture6010009

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