ORCID

0000-0003-4809-5718 (Chen), 0000-0002-8492-5267 (El-Adle), 0000-0003-1812-0572 (Richter)

Document Type

Article

Publication Date

2025

DOI

10.1371/journal.pone.0333696

Publication Title

PLoS One

Volume

20

Issue

10

Pages

e0333696 (1-24)

Abstract

Access to healthcare remains a critical challenge for rural populations, particularly in flood-prone coastal communities where transportation barriers limit access to essential medical services. This study evaluates the effectiveness of drone-based medication delivery in improving healthcare accessibility for vulnerable populations on Virginia’s Eastern Shore. Compared to traditional personal vehicle travel, drone delivery reduced trip times from up to 50 minutes to under 10 minutes for more than 80% of the population, including elderly patients. Using publicly available datasets, we developed two transportation vulnerability indices that incorporate age, travel time, and flood risk to prioritize patients for drone-based pharmaceutical delivery. These indices were examined using Getis-Ord Gi* spatial analysis, which identified statistically significant clusters of high-need patients, particularly around the northernmost drone station. The results reveal that elderly residents in remote, low-lying areas are especially vulnerable to missed prescriptions due to both transportation barriers and flooding. Our approach demonstrates how drone delivery can reduce healthcare access disparities while offering a scalable and resilient framework for other medically underserved regions, especially under time or resource constraints.

Rights

© 2025 Chen et al.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Data Availability

Article states: "All the geospatial outcomes are available from the Harvard Dataverse (webpage: https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/DroneDOTSMART)."

Original Publication Citation

Chen, Y. H., El-Adle, A. M., O'Brien, K. J., Wentworth, T., & Richter, H. G. (2025). Drone-based medication delivery for rural, flood-prone coastal communities. PLoS One, 20(10), 1-24, Article e0333696. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0333696

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