Document Type

Article

Publication Date

2025

DOI

10.3390/app152011277

Publication Title

Applied Sciences

Volume

15

Issue

20

Pages

11277

Abstract

The quality of input data is critical to the performance of time-series classification models, particularly in the domain for industrial sensor data where noise and anomalies are frequent. This study investigates how various filtering-based preprocessing techniques impact the accuracy and robustness of a Transformer model that predicts power efficiency states (Normal, Caution, Warning) from minute-level IIoT sensor data. We evaluated five techniques: a baseline, Simple Moving Average, Median filter, Hampel filter, and Kalman filter. For each technique, we conducted systematic experiments across time windows (360 and 720 min) that reflect real-world industrial inspection cycles, along with five prediction offsets (up to 2880 min). To ensure statistical robustness, we repeated each experiment 20 times with different random seeds. The results show that the Simple Moving Average filter, combined with a 360 min window and a short-term prediction offset, yielded the best overall performance and stability. While other techniques such as the Kalman and Median filters showed situational strengths, methods focused on outlier removal, like the Hampel filter, adversely affected performance. This study provides empirical evidence that a simple and efficient filtering strategy such as Simple Moving Average, can significantly and reliably enhance model performance for power efficiency prediction tasks.

Rights

© 2025 by the authors.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License.

Data Availability

Article states: "Data can be obtained at the following URL: https://github.com/sanghasung/ (accessed on15 October 25)."

Original Publication Citation

Sung, S.-H., Seo, C.-S., Pokojovy, M., & Kim, S. (2025). A comparative analysis of preprocessing filters for deep learning-based equipment power efficiency classification and prediction models. Applied Sciences, 15(20), Article 11277. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152011277

ORCID

0000-0002-2122-2572 (Pokojovy)

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