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Posters/Proposals from 2023
Information and Communications Technology within Coastal Resilience Frameworks: A Multi-Phase Model to Guide Cross-Sector Planning, Ren-Neasha Blake Gilmore and Wie Yusuf
Acceleration of U.S. Southeast and Gulf Coast Sea-Level Rise Amplified By Internal Climate Variability, Sönke Dangendorf, Noah Hendricks, Qiang Sun, John Klinck, Tal Ezer, Thomas Frederikse, Francisco M. Calafat, Thomas Wahl, and Torbjörn E. Törnqvist
Coastal Science for Resilience and Management at the Cape Hatteras National Seashore, NC, USA, Michael J. Flynn, Thomas R. Allen, Meaghan E. Johnson, and David E. Hallac
How Do Sustainability Stakeholders Seize Climate Risk Premia in the Private Cleantech Sector, Lingyu Li and Xianrong Zheng
Submissions from 2022
Hydrological Drought Forecasting Using a Deep Transformer Model, Amobichukwu C. Amanambu, Joann Mossa, and Yin-Hsuen Chen
Assessment of Temperature Optimum Signatures of Corals at Both Latitudinal Extremes of the Red Sea, Guilhem Banc-Prandi, Nicolas R. Evensen, Daniel J. Barshis, Gabriela Perna, Youssouf Moussa Omar, and Maoz Fine
All-Inclusive Coral Reef Restoration: How the Tourism Sector Can Boost Restoration Efforts in the Caribbean, Macarena Blanco-Pimentel, Nicolas R. Evensen, Camilo Cortés-Useche, Johanna Calle-Triviño, Daniel J. Barshis, Victor Galván, Erika Harms, and Megan K. Morikawa
Observations of Delayed Changes in Respiratory Function Among Allergy Clinic Patients Exposed to Wildfire Smoke, James Blando, Michael Allen, Hadiza Galadima, Timothy Tolson, Muge Akpinar-Elci, and Mariana Szklo-Coxe
Quantification of Wave Attentuation of a Marsh Sill Living Shoreline and Application of Numerical Modeling for Design Optimization and Adaptation, Maura K. Boswell
A Trait‐Based Framework for Assessing the Vulnerability of Marine Species to Human Impacts, Nathalie Butt, Benjamin S. Halpern, Casey S. O'Hara, A. Louise Allcock, Beth Polidoro, Samantha Sherman, Maria Byrne, Charles Birkeland, Ross G. Dwyer, Melanie Frazier, Bradley K. Woodworth, Claudia P. Arango, Michael J. Kingsford, Vinay Udyawer, Pat Hutchings, Elliot Scanes, Emily Jane McClaren, Sara M. Maxwell, Guillermo Diaz-Pulido, Emma Dugan, Blake Alexander Simmons, Amelia S. Wenger, Christi Linardich, and Carissa J. Klein
Climate Change and COP26: Are Digital Technologies and Information Management Part of the Problem or the Solution? An Editorial Reflection and Call to Action, Yogesh K. Dwivedi, Laurie Hughes, Arpan Kumar Kar, Abdullah M. Baabdullah, Purva Grover, Roba Abbas, Daniela Andreini, Iyad Abumoghli, Yves Barlette, Deborah Bunker, Leona Chandra Kruse, Ioanna Constantiou, Robert M. Davison, Rahul De', Rameshwar Dubey, Henry Fenby-Taylor, Babita Gupta, Wu He, Mitsuru Kodama, Matti Mäntymäki, Bhimaraya Metri, Katina Michael, Johan Olaisen, Niki Panteli, Samuli Pekkola, Rohit Nishant, Ramakrishnan Raman, Nripendra P. Rana, Frantz Rowe, Suprateek Sarker, Brenda Scholtz, Maung Sein, Jeel Dharmeshkumar Shah, Thompson S.H. Teo, Manoj Kumar Tiwari, Morten Thanning Vendelø, and Michael Wade
Compound Flooding in Convergent Estuaries: Insights from an Analytical Model, Ramin Familkhalili, Stefan Talke, and David A. Jay
Drivers of 20th Century Sea-Level Change in Southern New Zealand Determined from Proxy and Instrumental Records, Ed Garrett, W. Roland Gehrels, Bruce W. Hayward, Rewi Newnham, Maria J. Gehrels, Craig J. Morey, and Sönke Dangendorf
Evaluating Essential Processes and Forecast Requirements for Meteotsunami-Induced Coastal Flooding, Chenfu Huang, Eric Anderson, Yi Liu, Gangfeng Ma, Greg Mann, and Pengfei Xue
Present and Future Thermal Regimes of Intertidal Groundwater Springs in a Threatened Coastal Ecosystem, Jason J. KarrisAllen, Aaron A. Mohammed, Joseph Tamborski, Rob C. Jamieson, Serban Danielescu, and Barret L. Kurylyk
Simulated Response of St. Joseph Bay, Florida, Seagrass Meadows and Their Belowground Carbon to Anthropogenic and Climate Impacts, Marie Cindy Lebrasse, Blake A. Schaeffer, Richard C. Zimmerman, Victoria J. Hill, Megan M. Coffer, Peter J. Whitman, Wilson B. Salls, David D. Graybill, and Christopher L. Osburn
The Atlantic Surfclam Fishery and Offshore Wind Energy Development: 1. Model Development and Verification, Daphne M. Munroe, Eric N. Powell, John M. Klinck, Andrew M. Scheld, Sarah Borsetti, Jennifer Beckensteiner, and Eileen E. Hofmann
Nutrient Improvements in Chesapeake Bay: Direct Effect of Load Reductions and Implications for Coastal Management, Rebecca R. Murphy, Jennifer Keisman, Jon Harcum, Renee R. Karrh, Mike Lane, Elgin S. Perry, and Qian Zhang
High-Tide Floods and Storm Surges During Atmospheric Rivers on the US West Coast, Christopher G. Piecuch, Sloan Coats, Sönke Dangendorf, Felix W. Landerer, J. T. Reager, Philip R. Thompson, and Thomas Wahl
Editorial: Coastal Flooding: Modeling, Monitoring, and Protection Systems, Valentina Prigiobbe, Clint Dawson, Yao Hu, Hatim O. Sharif, and Navid Tahvildari
Between the Public and the Private Interest: The Interrelationship of Intermediary Roles of Environmental Nonprofits in Coastal Resilience, Marina Saitgalina, Juita-Elena (Wie) Yusuf, and Taiwo Olanrewaju-Lasisi
A Comparison of Deep Learning Algorithms on Image Data for Detecting Floodwater on Roadways, Sarp Salih, Kuzlu Murat, Zhao Yanxiao, and Cetin Mecit
Dynamic Modeling of Inland Flooding and Storm Surge on Coastal Cities Under Climate Change Scenarios: Transportation Infrastructure Impacts in Norfolk, Virginia USA as a Case Study, Yawen Shen, Navid Tahvildari, Mohamed M. Morsy, Chris Huxley, T. Donna Chen, and Jonathan Lee Goodall
On the Stratospheric Chemistry of Midlatitude Wildfire Smoke, Susan Soloman, Kimberlee Dube, Kane Stone, Pengfei Yu, Doug Kinnison, Owen B. Toon, Susan E. Strahan, Karen H. Rosenlof, Robert Portmann, Sean Davis, William Randel, Peter Bernath, Chris Boone, Charles G. Bardeen, Adam Bourassa, Daniel Zawada, and Doug Degenstein
Quantification of Compound Flooding Over Roadway Network During Extreme Events for Planning Emergency Operations, Navid Tahvildari, Mirla Abi Aad, Akash Sahu, Yawen Shen, Mohamed Morsy, Pamela Murray-Tuite, Jonathan L. Goodall, Kevin Heaslip, and Mecit Cetin
Unified Methods in Collecting, Preserving, and Archiving Coral Bleaching and Restoration Specimens to Increase Sample Utility and Interdisciplinary Collaboration, Rebecca Vega Thurber, Emily R. Schmeltzer, Andréa G. Grottoli, Robert van Woesik, Robert J. Toonen, Mark Warner, Kerri L. Dobson, Rowan H. McLachlan, Katie Barott, Daniel J. Barshis, Justin Baumann, Leila Chapron, David J. Combosch, Adrienne M.S. Correa, Thomas M. DeCarlo, Mary Hagedorn, Laetitia Hédouin, Kenneth Hoadley, Thomas Felis, Christine Ferrier-Pagès, Carly Kenkel, Ilsa B. Kuffner, Jennifer Matthews, Mónica Medina, Christopher Meyer, Corinna Oster, James Price, Hollie M. Putnam, and Yvonne Sawall
Coral Reef Restoration Methods in the Caribbean and Florida Keys, Melissa Wagner
Variability and Dynamics of Along‐Shore Exchange on the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) Continental Shelf, Xin Wang, Carlos Moffat, Michael S. Dinniman, John M. Klinck, David A. Sutherland, and Borja Aguiar-Gonzáles
Integrating Deep Learning and Hydrodynamic Modeling to Improve the Great Lakes Forecast, Pengfei Xue, Aditya Wagh, Gangfeng Ma, Yilin Wang, Yongchao Yang, Tao Liu, and Chenfu Huang
Editorial: Carbon Cycling in Aquatic Critical Zones, Peng Yao, Thomas S. Bianchi, David J. Burdige, Xiaojuan Feng, and Peter A. Raymond
The Resilience Adaptation Feasibility Tool (RAFT) as an Approach for Incorporating Equity Into Coastal Resilience Planning and Project Implementation, Juita-Elena (Wie) Yusuf, Tanya Denckla Cobb, Elizabeth Andrews, Sierra Gladfelter, and Gray Montrose
Submissions from 2021
Exploring Spatial Patterns of Virginia Tornadoes Using Kernel Density and Space-Time Cube Analysis (1960-2019), Michael J. Allen, Thomas R. Allen, Christopher Davis, George McLeod, Wolfgang Kainz (Ed.), and Dean Kyne (Ed.)
Anticipating and Adapting to the Future Impacts of Climate Change on the Health, Security and Welfare of Low Elevation Coastal Zone (LECZ) Communities in Southeastern USA, Thomas Allen, Joshua Behr, Anamaria Bukvic, Ryan S.D. Calder, Kiki Caruson, Charles Connor, Christopher D'Elia, David Dismukes, Robin Ersing, Rima Franklin, Jesse Goldstein, Jonathon Goodall, Scott Hemmerling, Jennifer Irish, Steven Lazarus, Derek Loftis, Mark Luther, Leigh McCallister, Karen McGlathery, Molly Mitchell, William Moore, Charles Reid Nichols, Karinna Nunez, Matthew Reidenbach, Julie Shortridge, Robert Weisberg, Robert Weiss, Lynn Donelson Wright, Meng Xia, Kehui Xu, Donald Young, Gary Zarillo, and Julie C. Zinnert
An Assessment of Regional ICESat-2 Sea-Level Trends, Brett Buzzanga, Eduard Heijkoop, Benjamin D. Hamlington, R. Steven Nerem, and Alex Gardner
Data-Driven Reconstruction Reveals Large-Scale Ocean Circulation Control on Coastal Sea Level, Sönke Dangendorf, Thomas Frederikse, Léon Chafik, John M. Klinck, Tal Ezer, and Benjamin D. Hamlington
Variability and Upward Trend in the Kinetic Energy of Western Boundary Currents over the Last Century: Impacts from Barystatic and Dynamic Sea Level Change, Tal Ezer and Sönke Dangendorf
Constraining 20th‐Century Sea‐Level Rise in the South Atlantic Ocean, Thomas Frederikse, Surendra Adhikari, Tim J. Daley, Sönke Dangendorf, Roland Gehrels, Felix Landerer, Marta Marcos, Thomas L. Newton, Graham Rush, Aimée B.A. Slangen, and Guy Wöppelmann
Risk Management and Biases in How Drivers Respond to Nuisance Flooding, Saige Hill, Juita-Elena (Wie) Yusuf, Burton St. John III, Pragati Rawat, and Carol Considine
Nonprofit Capacity to Manage Hurricane-Pandemic Threat: Local and National Perspectives on Resilience During COVID-19, Nicole S. Hutton, Steven W. Mumford, Marina Saitgalina, Juita-Elena (Wie) Yusuf, Joshua G. Behr, Rafael Diaz, and John J. Kiefer
Assessment of Tidal Range Changes in the North Sea from 1958 to 2014, Leon Jänicke, Andra Ebener, Sönke Dangendorf, Arne Arns, Michael Schindelegger, Sebastian Niehüser, Ivan D. Haigh, Philip Woodworth, and Jürgen Jensen
Dynamical Downscaling Projections of Late 21st Century U.S. Landfalling Hurricane Activity, Thomas R. Knutson, Joseph J. Sirutis, Morris A. Bender, and Robert E. Tuleya
Effects of Tidal Flooding on Estuarine Biogeochemistry: Quantifying Flood-Driven Nitrogen Inputs in an Urban, Lower Chesapeake Bay Sub-Tributary, Alfonso Macías-Tapia, Margaret R. Mulholland, Corday R. Selden, J. Derek Loftis, and Peter W. Bernhardt
Communicating and Co-Producing Information with Stakeholders: Examples of Participatory Mapping Approaches Related to Sea Level Rise Risks and Impacts, Pragati Rawat, Khairul A. Anua, Juita-Elena (Wie) Yusuf, Jon Derek Loftis, and Ren-Neasha Blake
The Influence of Channel Deepening on Tides, River Discharge Effects, and Storm Surge, S. A. Talke, Ramin Familkhalili, and D. A. Jay
The Effect of Storm Events on Diet of Adult Mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus), Jessica S. Thompson, Cade P. Cobbs, Emma S. Dryden, and Heather D. Harwell
Risk Communication in the Tourism Industry, Lindsay E. Usher and Ashley Schroeder
Engaging Residents in Policy and Planning for Sea Level Rise: Application of the Action-Oriented Stakeholder Engagement for a Resilient Tomorrow (ASERT) Framework, Juita-Elena (Wie) Yusuf, J. Gail Nicula, Daniel P. Richards, Ogechukwu Agim, Michelle Covi, and Khairul A. Anuar
Developing an Institutional Arrangement for a Whole-of-Government and Whole-of-Community Approach to Regional Adaptation to Sea Level Rise: The Hampton Roads Pilot Project, Juita-Elena (Wie) Yusuf, J. Gail Nicula, Burton St. John III, Meagan M. Jordan, Michelle Covi, Carol Considine, Marina Saitgalina, and Joshua Behr
Planning for Evacuation and Sheltering of Vulnerable & Medically Fragile Populations During the Post-Vaccine Period of a Compound Hurricane-Pandemic Threat: After-Action Report (AAR) Summarizing Results of a Workshop Hosted on September 27, 2021, Wie Yusuf, CONVERGE COVID-19 Working Group, Old Dominion University, and University of South Florida
Network Modeling of Hurricane Evacuation Using Data-Driven Demand and Incident-Induced Capacity Loss Models, Yuan Zhu, Kaan Ozbay, Kun Xie, Hong Yang, and Ender Foruk Morgul
Modeling and Simulation of Cascading Failures in Transportation Systems During Hurricane Evacuations, Yuan Zhu, Kaan Ozbay, Hong Yang, Fan Zuo, and Di Sha
Submissions from 2020
Surface Elevation and Sedimentation Dynamics in the Ganges-Brahmaputra Tidal Delta Plain, Bangladesh: Evidence for Mangrove Adaptation to Human-Induced Tidal Amplification, Edwin J. Bomer, Carol A. Wilson, Richard Hale, Abu Naser Mohsin Hossain, and F.M. Arifur Rahman
Analysis of the Changing Patterns of Seasonal Flooding along the U.S. East Coast, Tal Ezer
Global Sea Level Reconstruction for 1900-2015 Reveals Regional Variability In Ocean Dynamics and an Unprecedented Long Weakening in the Gulf Stream Flow Since the 1990s, Tal Ezer and Sönke Dangendorf
"We Would Ride Safely in the Harbor of the Future": Historical Parallels Between the Existential Threats of Yellow Fever and Sea Level Rise in New Orleans and Norfolk, Morris W. Foster and Emily E. Steinhilber
A Pre-Industrial Sea-Level Rise Hotspot Along the Atlantic Coast of North America, W. R. Gehrels, Sönke Dangendorf, N. L. M. Barlow, M. H. Saher, A. J. Long, P. L. Woodworth, C. G. Piecuch, and K. Berk
Challenges in Upgrading Emergency Power in Florida Nursing Homes Following Hurricane Irma, Nicole S. Hutton and Michael J. Allen
The Role of Traditional Knowledge in Coastal Adaptation Priorities: The Pamunkey Indian Reservation, Nicole S. Hutton and Thomas R. Allen
Historical Trends in Air Temperature, Precipitation, and Runoff of a Plateau Inland River Watershed in North China, Along Zhang, Ruizhong Gao, Xixi Wang, Tingxi Liu, and Lijing Fang
Submissions from 2019
Precipitation Trends across the Commonwealth of Virginia (1947 – 2016), Michael J. Allen and Thomas R. Allen
Hurricane Model Development at GFDL: A Collaborative Success Story From a Historical Perspective, Morris A. Bender, Timothy Marchok, Robert E. Tuleya, Isaac Ginis, Vijay Tallapragada, and Stephen J. Lord
Defining Boat Wake Impacts on Shoreline Stability Toward Management and Policy Solutions, Donna Marie Bilkovic, Molly M. Mitchell, Jennifer Davis, Julie Herman, Elizabeth Andrews, Angela King, Pamela Mason, Navid Tahvildari, Jana Davis, and Rachel L. Dixon
The Tides They are A-Changin': A Comprehensive Review of Past and Future Nonastronomical Changes in Tides, Their Driving Mechanisms, and Future Implications, Ivan D. Haigh, Mark D. Pickering, J. A. Mattias Green, Brian K. Arbic, Arne Arns, Sönke Dangendorf, David F. Hill, Kevin Horsburgh, Tom Howard, Déborah Idier, David A. Jay, Leon Jänicke, Serena B. Lee, Malte Müller, Michael Schindelegger, Stefan A. Talke, Sophie-Berenice Wilmes, and Philip L. Woodworth
Observations and Scaling of Tidal Mass Transport Across the Lower Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta Plain: Implications for Delta Management and Sustainability, Richard Hale, Rachel Bain, Steven Goodbred Jr., and Jim Best
Impacts of Basin-Scale Climate Modes on Coastal Sea Level: A Review, Weiqing Han, Detlef Stammer, Philip Thompson, Tal Ezer, Hindu Palanisamy, Xuebin Zhang, Catia M. Domingues, Lei Zhang, and Dongliang Yuan
Towards Comprehensive Observing and Modeling Systems for Monitoring and Predicting Regional to Coastal Sea Level, Rui M. Ponte, Mark Carson, Mauro Cirano, Catia M. Domingues, Tal Ezer, and Xuebin Zhang
The Mortality Response to Absolute and Relative Temperature Extremes, Scott C. Sheridan, Cameron C. Lee, and Michael J. Allen
An Introduction to the 'Oceans and Society: Blue Planet' Initiative, Emily A. Smail, Paul M. DiGiacomo, Sophie Seeyave, Samy Djavidnia, Louis Celliers, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Jeremy Gault, Elva Escobar-Briones, Hans-Peter Plag, Christine Pequignet, Lenore Bajona, Li Zhang, Jay Pearlman, Andy Steven, Jonathan Hodge, Marie-Fanny Racault, Curt Storlazzi, William Skirving, Ron Hoeke, John Marra, Ap van Dongeren, Frank Muller-Karger, Douglas Cripe, and Daniel Takaki
Modeling the Seasonal Cycle of Iron and Carbon Fluxes in the Amundsen Sea Polynya, Antarctica, P. St-Laurent, P. L. Yager, R. M. Sherrell, H. Oliver, M. S. Dinniman, and S. E. Stammerjohn
Submissions from 2018
Well-Being and Mental Health Impact of Household Flooding in Guyana, the Caribbean, Muge Akpinar-Elci, Shanomae Rose, and Michele Kekeh
Improving Public Health Readiness for Sea Level Rise: A New Initiative in Coastal Virginia, Steven M. Becker
Future Nuisance Flooding in Norfolk, VA, From Astronomical Tides and Annual to Decadal Internal Climate Variability, A. G. Burgos, B. D. Hamlington, P. R. Thompson, and R. D. Ray
Modeling the Impacts of Sea Level Rise on Storm Surge Inundation in Flood-Prone Urban Areas of Hampton Roads, Virginia, Luca Castrucci and Navid Tahvildari
Reconstruction of Sea Level Around the Korean Peninsula Using Cyclostationary Empirical Orthogonal Functions, Se-Hyeon Cheon, Benjamin D. Hamlington, and Kyung-Duck Suh
Institutionalizing Resilience in US Universities: Prospects, Opportunities, and Models, Morris Foster, James O'Donnell, Mark Luckenbach, Elizabeth Andrews, Emily Steinhilber, John Wells, and Mark Davis
Integrated Ocean, Earth, and Atmospheric Observations for Resilience Planning in Hampton Roads, Virginia, Jon Derek Loftis, Molly Mitchell, Larry Atkinson, Ben Hamlington, Tom Allen, David Forrest, Teresa Updyke, Navid Tahvildari, David Bekaert, and Mark Bushnell
Toward Better Management of Flood Losses: Flood Insurance in a Wetter World, Michael K. McShane and Juita-Elena (Wie) Yusuf
Climate-Change-Driven Accelerated Sea-Level Rise Detected in the Altimeter Era, R. S. Nerem, B. D. Beckley, J. T. Fasullo, B. D. Hamlington, D. Masters, and G. T. Mitchum
Temporal Trends in Human Vulnerability to Excessive Heat, Scott C. Sheridan and Michael J. Allen
Global Sea-Level Budget 1993-Present, WCRP Global Sea Level Budget Group and Benjamin Hamlington
Participatory GIS as a Tool for Stakeholder Engagement in Building Resilience to Sea Level Rise: A Demonstration Project, Juita-Elena (Wie) Yusuf, Pragati Rawat, Carol Considine, Michelle Covi, Burton St. John III, J. Gail Nicula, and Khairul A. Anuar
Submissions from 2017
Twenty-First Century Climate Change and Submerged Aquatic Vegetation in a Temperate Estuary: The Case of Chesapeake Bay, Thomas M. Arnold, Richard C. Zimmerman, Katharina A.M. Engelhardt, and J. Court Stevenson
Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar Survey of Subsidence in Hampton Roads, Virginia (USA), D.P.S. Bekaert, B. D. Hamlington, B. Buzzanga, and C. E. Jones
Regional Sea Level Variability and Trends, 1960-2007: A Comparison of Sea Level Reconstructions and Ocean Syntheses, M. Carson, A. Köhl, D. Stammer, B. Meyssignac, J. Church, J. Schröter, M. Wenzel, and B. Hamlington
A Synergistic Approach for Evaluating Climate Model Output for Ecological Applications, Rachel D. Cavanagh, Eugene J. Murphy, Thomas J. Bracegirdle, John Turner, Cheryl A. Knowland, Stuart P. Corney, Walker O. Smith Jr., Claire M. Waluda, Nadine M. Johnston, Richard G. J. Bellerby, and Eileen E. Hofmann
Analysis of Tidal Amplitude Changes Using the EMD Method, Yongcun Cheng, Tal Ezer, Larry P. Atkinson, and Qing Xu
Mechanisms for Cross-Scaling, Flexibility and Social Learning in Building Resilience to Sea Level Rise: Case Study of Hampton Roads, Virginia, Carol Considine, Michelle Covi, and Juita-Elena (Wie) Yusuf
Green Infrastructure Training for Veterans, Carol L. Considine, Michael W. Seek, Jon Lester, and Anthony W. Dean
Mass Coral Mortality Under Local Amplification of 2 °C Ocean Warming, Thomas M. DeCarlo, Anne L. Cohen, George T. F. Wong, Kristen A. Davis, Pat Lohman, and Keryea Soong
Community Production Modulates Coral Reef pH and the Sensitivity of Ecosystem Calcification to Ocean Acidification, Thomas M. Decarlo, Anne L. Cohen, George T. F. Wong, Fuh-Kwo Shiah, Steven J. Lentz, Kristen A. Davis, Kathryn E. F. Shamberger, and Pat Lohmann
On the Predictability of High Water Level Along the U.S. East Coast: Can the Florida Current Measurement Be an Indicator for Flooding Caused by Remote Forcing?, Tal Ezer and Larry P. Atkinson
Observations and Operational Model Simulations Reveal the Impact of Hurricane Matthew (2016) on the Gulf Stream and Coastal Sea Level, Tal Ezer, Larry P. Atkinson, and Robert Tuleya
Separating Decadal Global Water Cycle Variability from Sea Level Rise, B. D. Hamlington, J. T. Reager, M.-H. Lo, K. B. Karnauskas, and R. R. Leben