ORCID

0009-0001-6515-011X (Foster)

Document Type

Article

Publication Date

2026

DOI

10.1016/j.jcte.2026.100451

Publication Title

Journal of Clinical & Translational Endocrinology

Volume

45

Pages

100451

Abstract

Purpose

To determine whether gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) influences tear system health in transgender individuals.

Methods

This retrospective cohort observational study analyzed data from transgender men and women ages ≥18-years between 2004 and 2024 via electronic medical record (EMR) data. Following propensity score matching, subjects on hormone therapy included 23,623 transgender men, 15,933 transgender women, and an equal number in each matched control group.

Results

Among transgender men and women, respectively, tear system disorders occurred in 0.90% and 0.94% of those using GAHT and 0.90% and 1.17% of those not using GAHT (p = 0.211, p = 0.072). There was no significant difference in those with documented utilization of GAHT versus no GAHT, for both transgender men and women, respectively, in lacrimal system disorder (p = 0.427, p = 0.292), meibomian gland dysfunction (p = 0.687, p = 0.255), keratoconjunctivitis sicca (p = 0.685, p = 0.576), and combined tear disorders (p = 0.527, p = 0.168).

Conclusions

In this cohort, EMR-documented masculinizing or feminizing GAHT was not associated with an increased incidence of recorded tear-system disorders.

Rights

© 2026 The Authors.

This is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) License.

Original Publication Citation

Arnold, K. E., Foster, M. J., Tabernacki, T. A., Turner, C. A., Netland, P. A., & Mishra, K. (2026). Impact of gender-affirming hormone therapy on dry eye. Journal of Clinical & Translational Endocrinology, 45, Article 100451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcte.2026.100451

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