Refining the Scope of Genetic Influences on Alcohol Misuse Through Environmental Stratification and Gene-Environment Interaction

Authors

• Jeanne E. Savage, VU University, Amsterdam
• Christiaan A. de Leeuw, VU University, Amsterdam
• Josefin Werme, VU University, Amsterdam
• Spit for Science Working Group
• Danielle M. Dick, Rutgers University
• Danielle Posthuma, VU University, Amsterdam
• Sophie van der Sluis, VU University Medical Center

Document Type

Article

Publication Date

2024

DOI

10.1111/acer.15425

Publication Title

Alcohol Clinical & Experimental Research

Volume

48

Issue

10

Pages

1853-1865

Abstract

Background

Gene-environment interaction (G X E) is likely an important influence shaping individual differences in alcohol misuse (AM), yet it has not been extensively studied in molecular genetic research. In this study, we use a series of genome-wide gene-environment interaction (GWEIS) and in silico annotation methods with the aim of improving gene identification and biological understanding of AM.

Methods

We carried out GWEIS for four AM phenotypes in the large UK Biobank sample (N = 360,314), with trauma exposure and socioeconomic status (SES) as moderators of the genetic effects. Exploratory analyses compared stratified genome-wide association (GWAS) and GWEIS modeling approaches. We applied functional annotation, gene- and gene-set enrichment, and polygenic score analyses to interpret the GWEIS results.

Results

GWEIS models showed few genetic variants with significant interaction effects across gene-environment pairs. Enrichment analyses identified moderation by SES of the genes NOXA1, DLGAP1, and UBE2L3 on drinking quantity and the gene IFIT1B on drinking frequency. Except for DLGAP1, these genes have not previously been linked to AM. The most robust results (GWEIS interaction p = 4.59e-09) were seen for SES moderating the effects of variants linked to immune-related genes on a pattern of drinking with versus without meals.

Conclusions

Our results highlight several genes and a potential mechanism of immune system functioning behind the moderating effect of SES on the genetic influences on AM. Although GWEIS seems to be a preferred approach over stratified GWAS, modeling G X E effects at the molecular level remains a challenge even in large samples. Understanding these effects will require substantial effort and more in-depth phenotypic measurement.

Rights

© 2024 The Authors.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Data Availability

Article states: "Genome-wide summary statistics will be made publicly available via https://ctg.cncr.nl/software/summary_statistics/ upon publication. Raw data from this study are available to qualified researchers via UK Biobank (https://www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/) and dbGaP (phs001754.v4.p2)."

Comments

ODU Author: Sage Hawn (Member of the SPIT for Science Working Group -- see Appendix)

Original Publication Citation

Savage, J. E., de Leeuw, C. A., Werme, J., Spit for Science Working, G., Dick, D. M., Posthuma, D., & van der Sluis, S. (2024). Refining the scope of genetic influences on alcohol misuse through environmental stratification and gene–environment interaction. Alcohol, Clinical and Experimental Research, 48(10), 1853-1865. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.15425

Repository Citation

Savage, Jeanne E.; de Leeuw, Christiaan A.; Werme, Josefin; Spit for Science Working Group; Dick, Danielle M.; Posthuma, Danielle; and Sluis, Sophie van der, "Refining the Scope of Genetic Influences on Alcohol Misuse Through Environmental Stratification and Gene-Environment Interaction" (2024). Psychology Faculty Publications. 256.
https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/psychology_fac_pubs/256