ORCID
0009-0009-8555-6000 (Kenney), 0000-0001-6526-8348 (Hughes)
Document Type
Article
Publication Date
2025
DOI
10.3390/cancers17030377
Publication Title
Cancers
Volume
17
Issue
3
Pages
377 (1-17)
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are heterogeneous malignancies arising from enterochromaffin cells that can arise from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and pancreas. Surgical management is the cornerstone of treatment, with the optimal approach tailored by tumor grade, size, location, and presence of metastasis. This review discusses the current strategies for the surgical management of NETs of the gastroenteropancreatic tract. Methods: A review of the available literature was conducted to evaluate surgical approaches to NETs. Consensus guidelines were incorporated to synthesize evidence-based recommendations. Results: For gastric NETs, surgical approach depends on Rindi Classification, WHO grade, and tumor size, with endoscopic approaches favored for smaller and low-grade lesions. Small bowel NETs can be multifocal and thus often require a surgical approach with careful evaluation of the entire intestine. Pancreatic NETs are categorized as functional or non-functional, with enucleation or formal resection strategies based on size, location, functional status, and risk of malignancy. Colorectal NETs are primarily treated with transanal localized or formal surgical resection, depending on lesion size and depth of invasion or presence of lymph node involvement. Appendiceal NETs are either treated with appendectomy or right hemicolectomy, depending on the size, location, and invasiveness of the lesions. For metastatic NETs, cytoreduction, liver transplantation, and targeted therapies offer symptom relief and possible survival benefits. Conclusions: Surgical resection provides curative potential for localized NETs and symptom control in metastatic cases. Future research is essential to refine guidelines for intermediate-risk lesions and multifocal tumors, ensuring optimal outcomes for patients with gastroenteropancreatic NETs.
Rights
© 2025 by the authors.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License.
Original Publication Citation
Kenney, L. M., & Hughes, M. (2025). Surgical management of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Cancers, 17(3), 1-17, Article 377. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17030377
Repository Citation
Kenney, L. M., & Hughes, M. (2025). Surgical management of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Cancers, 17(3), 1-17, Article 377. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17030377
Included in
Digestive System Commons, Neoplasms Commons, Surgery Commons, Surgical Procedures, Operative Commons
