Document Type
Article
Publication Date
2025
DOI
10.1029/2024JD042298
Publication Title
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
Volume
130
Issue
15
Pages
e2024JD042298 (1-19)
Abstract
We present fluorine inventories calculated for twenty years (2004–2023) and five latitude bands (82°–60°N, 60°–30°N, 30°N–30°S, 30°–60°S, and 60°–82°S) at altitudes from the surface up to 55 km. The inventories were calculated using the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier transform spectrometer (ACE‐FTS) version 5.2 retrievals of the volume mixing ratios (VMRs) of 15 fluorine‐containing species. Of these 15 species, 3 are product gases: HF, COF₂, COCIF, and 12 are source gases: SF₆, PFC-14 (CF₄), CFC-11 (CCl₃F), CFC-12 (CCl₂F₂), CFC-113 (CCIF₂CCl₂F), HCFC-22 (CHF₂CL), HCFC-141b(C₂H₃Cl₂F), HCFC-142b (C₂H₃CIF₂), HFC-23 (CHF₃), HFC-32 (CH₂F₂) HFC-125 (C₂HF₅) and HFC-134a (C₂H₂F₄). As necessary, ACE-FTS data were supplemented with data from the TOMCAT 3-D chemical transport model and ground-based measurements from the National Oceanic and Atmopsheric Administration (NOAA) and the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE). The total fluorine (Ftot) profiles are dominated by source gas contributions in the troposphere and lower stratosphere up to 35 km in the tropics 30°N-30°S), 30 km in midlatitudes (60°-30°N/30°-60°S) and 24 km near the poles (82°-60°N/60°-82°S). In this atmospheric region, the primary contributions come from CFCs, HCFCs, carbon tetrafluoride (CF₄), and increasingly in recent years HFCs. Above these altitudes HF increasingly dominates the Ftot profile reaching as much as 79% of Ftot at 55 km. The 2004-2023 time series of the mean Ftot inventories shows a global increase of 48.9 ± 0.7 ppt/year or 1.68 ± 0.02%/year resulting in a mean Ftot approaching 3.5 ppb in 2023.
Rights
© 2025 The Authors.
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Data Availability
Article states: "ACE-FTS version 5.2 retrieval results and ACE-imager extinction profiles are freely available from the ACE web portal: https://databace.scisat.ca/level2/ace_v5.2/display_data.php (ACE-SOC, 2024). Initial registration is required at https://databace.scisat.ca/l2signup.php. Version 5.2 is also available at https://doi.org/10.20383/103.01245 (Bernath et al., 2025). NOAA data were obtained from their GML, publicly available online: https://gml.noaa.gov/dv/data/ (NOAA-GML, 2024), or https://gml.noaa.gov/hats/data.html (NOAA-LOGOS, 2024). Files for each species were downloaded individually, such as the CFC-11 HATS combined file at https://gml.noaa.gov/aftp/data/hats/cfcs/cfc11/combined/HATS_global_F11.txt (Dutton et al., 2024). AGAGE data were originally obtained from AGAGE-data (2024) but can also be found in Prinn et al. (2023). All measurements from AGAGE were obtained in a single file."
Original Publication Citation
Raymond, N., Bernath, P., Boone, C., & Chipperfield, M. (2025). Twenty years of global stratospheric fluorine inventories from Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE‐FTS) measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 130(15), 1-19, Article e2024JD042298. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042298
ORCID
0000-0002-1255-396X (Bernath)
Repository Citation
Raymond, N.; Bernath, P.; Boone, C.; and Chipperfield, M., "Twenty Years of Global Stratospheric Fluorine Inventories From Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) Measurements" (2025). Chemistry & Biochemistry Faculty Publications. 359.
https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/chemistry_fac_pubs/359
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