Authors

A. C. Postuma, University of Regina
G. M. Huber, University of Regina
D. J. Gaskell, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility
N. Heinrich, University of Regina
T. Horn, Catholic University of America
M. Junaid, University of Regina
S. J. D. Kay, University of York
V. Kumar, University of Regina
P. Markowitz, Florida International University
J. Roche, Ohio University
R. Trotta, Catholic University of America
A. Usman, University of Regina
B. -G Yu, Korea Aerospace University
T. K. Choi, Yonsei University
K. -J. Hong, Korea Aerospace University
S. Ali, Catholic University of America
R. Ambrose, University of Regina
D. Androic, University of Zagreb
W. Armstrong, Temple University
A. Bandari, College of William & Mary
V. Berdnikov, Catholic University of America
H. Bhatt, Mississippi State University
D. Bhetuwal, Mississippi State University
D. Biswas, Hampton University
M. Boer, Temple University
P. Bosted, College of William & Mary
E. Brash, Christopher Newport University
A. Camsonne, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility
J. -P. Chen, College of William & Mary
J. Chen, College of William & Mary
M. Chen, University of Virginia
M. E. Christy, Hampton University
S. Covrig, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility
M. M. Dalton, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility
W. Deconinck, University of Manitoba
M. Diefenthaler, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility
B. Duran, Temple University
D. Dutta, Mississippi State University
M. Elaasar, Southern University of New Orleans
R. Ent, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility
H. Fenker, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility
E. Fuchey, University of Connecticut
D. Hamilton, University of Glasgow
J. -O Hansen, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility
F. Hauenstein, Old Dominion University
S. Jia, Temple University
M. K. Jones, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility
S. Joosten, Argonne National Laboratory
M. L. Kabir, Mississippi State University
A. Karki, Mississippi State University
C. Keppel, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility
E. Kinney, University of Colorado
N. Lashley-Colthirst, Hampton University
W. B. Li, College of William & Mary
D. Mack, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility
S. Malace, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility
M. McCaughan, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility
Z. E. Meziani, Argonne National Laboratory
R. Michaels, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility
R. Montgomery, University of Glasgow
M. Muhoza, Catholic University of America
C. Muñoz Camacho, Université Paris-Saclay
G. Niculescu, James Madison University
Z. Papandreou, University of Regina
S. Park, Stony Brook University
E. Pooser, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility
M. Rehfuss, Temple University
B. Sawatzky, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility
G. R. Smith, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility
H. Szumila-Vance, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility
A. Teymurazyan, University of Regina
H. Voskanyan, A. I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute)
B. Wojtsekhowski, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility
S. A. Wood, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility
Z. Ye, Argonne National Laboratory
C. Yero, Florida International University
J. Zhang, University of Virginia
X. Zheng, University of Virginia

Document Type

Article

Publication Date

2026

DOI

10.1016/j.physletb.2025.140094

Publication Title

Physics Letters B

Volume

872

Pages

140094

Abstract

Deep exclusive meson production (DEMP) reactions, such as p(e⃗ , e'π⁺)n, provide opportunities to study the three-dimensional structure of the nucleon through differential cross section and beam-and target spin asymmetry measurements. This work aims to probe the onset of the hard/soft factorization regime through the exclusive p (e⃗, e'π⁺)n reaction, as measured in the KaonLT experiment at Jefferson Lab Hall C. A 10.6 GeV Longitudinally polarized electron beam was incident on an unpolarized liquid hydrogen target, and the scattered electron and produced meson were detected in two magnetic focusing spectrometers, enabling precision cross section measurements. The cross section ratio σLT' 0 was extracted from the beam-spin asymmetry ALU. The t-dependence of σLT'was determined at fixed Q² and XB over a range of kinematics from 2 < Q² < 6 GeV² above the resonance region (W > 2 GeV). Furthermore, these data are combined with recent results from CLAS/CLAS12 to determine the Q²-dependence of σLT'at two (ᵡB, t) settings. This was fairly flat, with Q² not having a measurable effect on the value of σLT'0 in the range explored. Results are compared to predictions from the generalized parton distribution (GPD) formalism, which relies explicitly on hard/soft factorization, and Regge formalism. The Regge models better predict σLT'0, which suggests that the factorization regime is not yet reached.

Rights

© 2026 The Authors.

This is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)  License.

Data Availability

Article states: "Our data are provided on Mendeley Data and linked in the Supplemental Material: https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/m47c5t4ykg/1"

Original Publication Citation

Postuma, A. C., Huber, G. M., Gaskell, D. J., Heinrich, N., Horn, T., Junaid, M., Kay, S. J. D., Kumar, V., Markowitz, P., Roche, J., Trotta, R., Usman, A., Yu, B. G., Choi, T. K., Kong, K. J., Ali, S., Ambrose, R., Androic, D., Armstrong, W.,…Zheng, X. (2026). Probing hard/soft factorization via beam-spin asymmetry in exclusive pion electroproduction from the proton. Physics Letters B, 872, Article 140094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2025.140094 

ORCID

0000-0002-1265-2212 (Hauenstein)

1-s2.0-S0370269325008524-mmc1.pdf (680 kB)
Appendix A. Supplementary materials

Share

COinS